My question is why is the keel the entire length down to the laminate? I would like for closer and bigger pictures of the area to be sure.

As long as the fiberglass was laid correctly, you should not have to dig into the glass. The most likely backing for the bow eye is some form of composite. The repair depends on the damage, you will need to get a look at the interior as you need to see the if the nuts are pulling through. The bow stop should be above the bow eye, not below it.